Course Content
Module 1 — Principles of Hormone Therapy in Oncology
Mechanism and Dosing Overview Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): block the enzyme aromatase (CYP19A1), which converts androgens to estrogens in adipose and peripheral tissues. Examples: Anastrozole 1 mg orally daily, Letrozole 2.5 mg orally daily, Exemestane 25 mg orally daily. These are the preferred agents in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): such as Tamoxifen 20 mg orally daily — bind the estrogen receptor and act as antagonists in breast tissue but partial agonists in bone and endometrium. Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders (SERDs): such as Fulvestrant 500 mg intramuscularly on days 0, 14, 28, then every 28 days thereafter — promote estrogen receptor degradation. CYP17 Inhibitors: Abiraterone acetate 1000 mg orally daily on an empty stomach plus Prednisone 5 mg orally twice daily — block the CYP17A1 enzyme, suppressing androgen synthesis in adrenal glands and tumors. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists and Antagonists: Leuprolide 7.5 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks or depot every 3–6 months; Degarelix 240 mg subcutaneously loading dose, then 80 mg every 4 weeks; Relugolix 120 mg orally daily — suppress testosterone or estrogen production by downregulating or directly blocking pituitary gonadotropin release.
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Hormone Therapy for Cancer Patients: Mechanisms, Indications, and Clinical Practice

Rationale:
Hormone therapy reduces tumor volume, improves oxygenation, and sensitizes cells to radiation (less hypoxic fraction → ↑ local control).

Key clinical evidence

  • Prostate: RTOG 8610, EORTC 22961 → ADT + RT ↑ OS vs RT alone.

  • Breast: Endocrine therapy adjuvant after RT reduces recurrence risk by ~50%.

Sequencing rules

Tumor Radiotherapy Timing vs HT Comment
Prostate Start ADT 2–3 mo before RT, continue during + 18–36 mo after Improves biochemical control & survival
Breast RT usually after chemotherapy and concurrently with endocrine therapy or within 3 weeks post-RT No negative interaction with AI/SERM

Special note:
Tamoxifen slightly ↑ risk of radiation fibrosis in chest wall RT — minimize dose hotspots.

Practical workflow:

  1. Verify receptor status before simulation.

  2. Plan RT volume reduction for shrinking hormone-sensitive glands.

  3. Coordinate DEXA and metabolic follow-up every 12–24 mo.